Ringworm stages -

 
Erythema - Redness on the chest, head, forelegs, or the back ridge; Shedding and patchy hair loss at different levels (often associated with “crusty” skin) found on the tail, head, chest, or the back’s ridge; Scaling, reddening, crusting, and thickening patches of the skin and coat if the entire body is infected; A ring of flakey bald ... . Herbaty i mieszanki ziolowe

Sep 3, 2023 · Stage 4: Complete Healing and Disappearance of Ringworm. This stage develops when the lesion has healed completely and there are no visible signs of the infection. During this time, the skin is back to normal and there are no signs of redness or inflammation. Usually, it takes between two and four weeks for a ringworm infection to heal completely. Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body. What Are the Stages of Ringworm in Dogs? There are four stages of a ringworm infection: Stage 1: Infection occurs through contact with an infected dog or contaminated object. During the incubation ...Ringworm (also called tinea or dermatophytosis) is a very common fungal infection of the skin and nails that has nothing to do with worms. ( 1) The condition is called ringworm because it tends to ...Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth. Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes.Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ...How long does ringworm take to heal? Stage 1: Less itching. The first symptoms of ringworm that will diminish during treatment are the itching and redness. Blisters and the ring-shaped ... Stage 2: Flaky skin appearing. Stage 3: Skin sores oozing. Stage 4: Redness fading. Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease. Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease. Apr 15, 2022 · Ringworm can look different on certain parts of the body. Athlete's foot, for example, usually causes an itchy, patchy rash with cracking (fissuring) and scaling between the toes. Ringworm on the scalp (tinea capitis) also has unique symptoms. The most common symptom is hair loss. This can be accompanied by what is sometimes called black dot ... If ringworm appears elsewhere on your child’s body, he may have the type spread by infected dogs or cats. The first signs of infection on the body are red, scaly patches. They may not look like rings until they’ve grown to half an inch in diameter, and they generally stop growing at about 1 inch. Your child may have just one patch or several.Oftentimes, vets treat ringworm with a combination of antifungal therapies. Your dog may need medicated ointments or shampoos as well as an oral medication like terbinafine, fluconazole, or griseofulvin. The surest way to beat ringworm is to follow your vet's treatment plan, even if your dog's skin and fur look better.Other symptoms of ringworm include-. Dry, scaly skin. Raised, cracked skin. Itchiness around the rash. Inflammation around the edges. Blisters. Pus-filled sores. It is essential to know about the healing symptoms of ringworm to ensure that your treatment is working and you are recovering.Jan 14, 2016 · Ringworm Rash Stages Ringworm occurs in three main stages: beginning, advanced and recovery stage. In the beginning stage a rash may appear in a circular ring pattern and may or may not be itchy. Intense redness and swelling. Pus-filled bumps. Hair loss (hair often returns when ringworm is treated) Swollen lymph nodes. Raw, open skin. Raised soft, spongy skin that weeps fluid. A skin problem that looks like acne, folliculitis, or another skin condition. Some men feel tired and rundown.Ringworm fungi feed on the protein that makes up the outer layers of the skin, hair, and nails. A ’cigarette ash’ scaling in the depths of the coat may be the only visible indicator of ringworm infection in cats. Some cats may have round thickened patches of skin with hair loss. Alopecia (hair loss) occurs when the spores infect the hair ...Ringworm is a contagious fungus that can be spread from cat to cat with direct contact. Direct contact can include touching an infected cat, touching an infected person, or contact with any contaminated objects. Ringworm spores can persist on food bowls, blankets, furniture, toys, combs, carpet, and virtually any porous surface. 155. May 31, 2020. #1. Hi all, I got a guinea pig from what I thought was a reputable source, but she turned out to have quite a severe case of ringworm. I've taken her to the vet (prescribed oral antifungal meds) and have nearly finished the treatment course. I've also given her 2 baths. The ringworm is looking much better, fur is starting to ...Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease.If ringworm appears elsewhere on your child’s body, he may have the type spread by infected dogs or cats. The first signs of infection on the body are red, scaly patches. They may not look like rings until they’ve grown to half an inch in diameter, and they generally stop growing at about 1 inch. Your child may have just one patch or several.Causes Risk factors Complications Prevention Overview Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It's usually an itchy, circular rash with clearer skin in the middle. Ringworm gets its name because of its appearance. No worm is involved. Ringworm on an armFabrics. Wash any fabrics at least at 60 C / 140 F in order to kill off any spores. This includes any of your own clothing in contact with a ringworm piggy, as well as any fleece bedding, fabric underlay, cosies, lap rugs and the towels needed for treatment and dips etc. Toys and wooden furnishings.Ringworm Rash Stages Ringworm occurs in three main stages: beginning, advanced and recovery stage. In the beginning stage a rash may appear in a circular ring pattern and may or may not be itchy.The ringworm healing stages pictures clearly reflects that it becomes extremely red and itchy while it is healing. During this healing stage you should apply antifungal cream, Aloe Vera tincture or apple cider vinegar to counter the itchiness.Stages of Ringworm. You won’t see ringworm right away when the fungus has infected you. It can take up to 2 weeks before you start noticing symptoms. Some of the stages you may see include: Initial stage. During this stage, you may notice a pink or red irritated patch of skin.With treatment, a ringworm infection on a part of the body without hair (glabrous skin) is likely to clear up within two to four weeks of the start of treatment. More serious cases, and infections ...Jul 5, 2023 · Ringworm healing takes time and it passes through several stages. The healing process starts with a reduction in itching followed by a decrease in scaling. After this, the redness subsides and eventually, the rash clears. The length of time it takes to heal will depend on the area involved and if it was treated. Feb 1, 2022 · Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails. The medical term for this type of infection is called dermatophytosis. The most common fungal organisms that can cause ringworm are . The fungus feeds on dead hair or skin cells. While ringworm is most commonly found in cats, it can also be contracted by dogs and humans. Rarely, athlete’s foot can be caused by non-dermatophytes like yeast ( candida ). Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm. (Photo credit: Science ... Mar 10, 2023 · Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Photo Credit: Bernard Cohen. Description: Ringworm is a common skin infection that is caused by a fungus. It’s called “ringworm” because it can cause a ring-shaped rash that is usually red and itchy with raised edges. Ringworm infection on the arm af a caucasian adult male Ringworm infection on the arm of a caucasian adult male. This fungal skin infection causes itching, redness and scaly skin and the rings are called plaques. ringworm stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images The rash usually develops 4–14 days after the person comes into contact with the fungi and develops the infection. A person with a weakened immune system is more likely to experience symptoms of the infection. Beyond the rash, ringworm can occur with itchiness, cracked skin, and hair loss. The symptoms of ringworm include: a ring-like red or silvery rash on your skin – your skin will look red and irritated around the ring, but healthy inside. scaly, itchy and inflamed skin. the rings may multiply, grow in size and merge together. the rings may feel slightly raised and the skin underneath may be itchy.Ringworm can look different on certain parts of the body. Athlete's foot, for example, usually causes an itchy, patchy rash with cracking (fissuring) and scaling between the toes. Ringworm on the scalp (tinea capitis) also has unique symptoms. The most common symptom is hair loss. This can be accompanied by what is sometimes called black dot ...Ringworm on the skin like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (tinea cruris) can usually be treated with non-prescription antifungal creams, lotions, or powders applied to the skin for 2 to 4 weeks. There are many non-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including: Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ...Ringworm on the scalp is also known as tinea capitis. It is more common in children than adults and especially common in kids aged 3–7 . Tinea capitis is contagious , and it can cause scaly ...Ringworm is a superficial skin condition affecting a few specific areas of the body (primarily the head, ears, paws and forelegs), and typically, you will notice inflammation at the site of infection. In canines, the fungus lives and grows in the outermost epidermal layer and in the hair follicles, and sometimes the nail beds.Aug 13, 2013 · Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ... With treatment, a ringworm infection on a part of the body without hair (glabrous skin) is likely to clear up within two to four weeks of the start of treatment. More serious cases, and infections ...Fabrics. Wash any fabrics at least at 60 C / 140 F in order to kill off any spores. This includes any of your own clothing in contact with a ringworm piggy, as well as any fleece bedding, fabric underlay, cosies, lap rugs and the towels needed for treatment and dips etc. Toys and wooden furnishings.Shower after exercise. Sweating can spread ringworm droplet by droplet. Minimize the risk by showering immediately after a drippy workout. (That’s a good idea even without ringworm, by the way ...Jan 13, 2022 · Symptoms of Ringworm in Cats. The following symptoms are most commonly seen with ringworm in cats. Cats may have circular thickened patches of skin with hair loss. Hair loss occurs when the fungi infect the hair shaft, resulting in weakening of the infected hairs. These hairs are easy to remove with gentle pressure. Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ... Fabrics. Wash any fabrics at least at 60 C / 140 F in order to kill off any spores. This includes any of your own clothing in contact with a ringworm piggy, as well as any fleece bedding, fabric underlay, cosies, lap rugs and the towels needed for treatment and dips etc. Toys and wooden furnishings.Jun 12, 2014 · Fabrics. Wash any fabrics at least at 60 C / 140 F in order to kill off any spores. This includes any of your own clothing in contact with a ringworm piggy, as well as any fleece bedding, fabric underlay, cosies, lap rugs and the towels needed for treatment and dips etc. Toys and wooden furnishings. Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ...Stage 1: Less itching The first symptoms of ringworm that will diminish during treatment are the itching and redness. Blisters and the ring-shaped rash will still be present, but may look less red and irritated.Jan 13, 2022 · Symptoms of Ringworm in Cats. The following symptoms are most commonly seen with ringworm in cats. Cats may have circular thickened patches of skin with hair loss. Hair loss occurs when the fungi infect the hair shaft, resulting in weakening of the infected hairs. These hairs are easy to remove with gentle pressure. Ringworm symptoms. The most common symptom of ringworm is the emergence of a small area of infected skin that tends to spread outwards. In most cases, ringworm develops into a rounded, red, inflamed patch of skin. The outer edge is more inflamed and scaly than the paler centre.Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease. Ringworm (also called tinea or dermatophytosis) is a very common fungal infection of the skin and nails that has nothing to do with worms. ( 1) The condition is called ringworm because it tends to ...Jul 25, 2023 · Skin. itchiness. itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or gray, or raised areas of skin called plaques. a round, flat patch of itchy skin. patches that develop blisters or pustules. patches that resemble a ring with deeper color on the outside. patches with edges that are defined and raised. ... Ringworm is a contagious fungus that can be spread from cat to cat with direct contact. Direct contact can include touching an infected cat, touching an infected person, or contact with any contaminated objects. Ringworm spores can persist on food bowls, blankets, furniture, toys, combs, carpet, and virtually any porous surface. Ringworm, dog. Infected dogs develop bald, scaly patches with broken hairs. Dogs may also develop acne-like bumps on the skin. The most common sites affected by ringworm are the face, ear tips, tail, and feet. Ringworm is diagnosed by fungal culture, examination with an ultraviolet lamp, and direct microscopic examination of hair or skin scale.With treatment, a ringworm infection on a part of the body without hair (glabrous skin) is likely to clear up within two to four weeks of the start of treatment. More serious cases, and infections ...Apr 18, 2022 · Common signs of ringworm in dogs include: Roughly circular areas of hair loss (but not always circular) Red, inflamed, or scabby skin. Rough, brittle, broken claws (if nails are infected) Affected skin isn’t usually itchy. If left untreated, ringworm lesions become larger and irregular in shape, and the fungus spreads to other areas of the ... Jan 4, 2023 · The stages in which ringworm develops depend on the type of ringworm. On the body, patches grow slowly in size, and more patches can appear on other parts of the body. The center of the patch may ... The fungal infection can develop on the body, but especially under fingernails and on feet. Ringworm skin lesions normally begin as distinctive, reddish round areas of hair loss, which may progress to reddening, thickening and loss of pigmentation to other skin areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that rash can be dry and ... Jun 18, 2023 · Stages of Healing for Ringworm. The stages of healing for ringworm can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the type of treatment used. However, most cases of ringworm follow a similar pattern of healing: Stage 1: Red, itchy rash – The first sign of ringworm is usually a red, itchy rash that appears on the skin. The rash may be ... Question about ringworm healing stages. My husband and I adopted Wompy off the streets a 9 days ago, on Sunday, and took him to the vet right away. Vet said other than some stomach worms and fleas he looked fine. So we gave him meds for that and he seemed fine until tuesday when i noticed a scaly patch of skin under his fur.Aug 24, 2020 · Oftentimes, vets treat ringworm with a combination of antifungal therapies. Your dog may need medicated ointments or shampoos as well as an oral medication like terbinafine, fluconazole, or griseofulvin. The surest way to beat ringworm is to follow your vet's treatment plan, even if your dog's skin and fur look better. What are the healing stages of ringworm? - Quora. Something went wrong. Wait a moment and try again. Aug 8, 2023 · 1. Apply a topical antifungal. Most cases of ringworm can be treated at home. Over-the-counter antifungals can kill the fungus and promote healing. Effective medications include miconazole (Cruex ... May 31, 2020 · 155. May 31, 2020. #1. Hi all, I got a guinea pig from what I thought was a reputable source, but she turned out to have quite a severe case of ringworm. I've taken her to the vet (prescribed oral antifungal meds) and have nearly finished the treatment course. I've also given her 2 baths. The ringworm is looking much better, fur is starting to ... 2. Increase your guinea pig's vitamin C intake. Vitamin C can help strengthen your guinea pig's immune system and help it fight off ringworm. The best way to give your guinea pig vitamin C is to add a supplement to its water or to feed it vegetables high in vitamin C, like kale, mustard greens, and spinach. [6]Pityriasis rosea is a common rash that usually begins as a round or oval-shaped patch and spreads in stages in a characteristic pattern. It may or may not be itchy and usually lasts six to eight weeks before resolving on its own. The four stages of pityriasis rosea are: Preliminary stage: You feel ill for a day or two.Pityriasis rosea (pih-tuh-RY-uh-sis ROH-zee-uh) is a common skin condition that causes patches of your skin to develop raised, scaly rashes. It may appear on any part of your body, but it usually appears on the trunk (torso), arms and legs. “Pityriasis” means “scaly,” and “rosea” means “pink,” but the rashes may look red, gray ...Apr 16, 2021 · Healing Stage of Ringworm During the First 2 Weeks. There is one way to describe the healing stage of ringworm. It’s a slow and gradual process. If you have contracted this fungal infection, your symptoms will most likely appear during the early part of the second week after contracting the disease. 155. May 31, 2020. #1. Hi all, I got a guinea pig from what I thought was a reputable source, but she turned out to have quite a severe case of ringworm. I've taken her to the vet (prescribed oral antifungal meds) and have nearly finished the treatment course. I've also given her 2 baths. The ringworm is looking much better, fur is starting to ...Jul 25, 2023 · Skin. itchiness. itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or gray, or raised areas of skin called plaques. a round, flat patch of itchy skin. patches that develop blisters or pustules. patches that resemble a ring with deeper color on the outside. patches with edges that are defined and raised. ... Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ...Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails. The medical term for this type of infection is called dermatophytosis. The most common fungal organisms that can cause ringworm are . The fungus feeds on dead hair or skin cells. While ringworm is most commonly found in cats, it can also be contracted by dogs and humans.Ringworm on a dog looks like circular-shaped bald hair patches on multiple areas of the dog’s body including their belly. The patches typically have a crusty covering like dandruff. In serious cases, ringworm isn’t dry-looking. Instead, it appears as red, round-shaped patches of missing hair. Below are pictures of what ringworm looks like ...Ringworm is a fungal infection that affects the fur, skin, and nails of a guinea pig. The fungus, known as dermatophytosis , invades the top layer of a guinea pig’s skin. Although ringworm is uncommon in guinea pigs, infections tend to occur in young, much older, pregnant, or otherwise immunocompromised animals.Question about ringworm healing stages. My husband and I adopted Wompy off the streets a 9 days ago, on Sunday, and took him to the vet right away. Vet said other than some stomach worms and fleas he looked fine. So we gave him meds for that and he seemed fine until tuesday when i noticed a scaly patch of skin under his fur.Shower after exercise. Sweating can spread ringworm droplet by droplet. Minimize the risk by showering immediately after a drippy workout. (That’s a good idea even without ringworm, by the way ...

Microscopic fungi Microsporum canis, scientific 3D illustration Microscopic fungi Microsporum canis, 3D illustration. Zoophilic dermatophyte fungus, causes infections of scalp (tinea capitis), body skin (tinea corporis) aquired from infected dogs and cats ringworm microscope stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Mazzetti

ringworm stages

The rash usually develops 4–14 days after the person comes into contact with the fungi and develops the infection. A person with a weakened immune system is more likely to experience symptoms of the infection. Beyond the rash, ringworm can occur with itchiness, cracked skin, and hair loss.While a diagnosis of ringworm might give you the heebie-jeebies, it rarely causes serious problems and it is both treatable and, to an extent, preventable. Identifying ringworm infections at an early stage can prevent transmission and limit contamination, so dog owners should become familiar with the common signs. RISK FACTORSApr 26, 2022 · Treatment. If over-the-counter treatments don't work, you may need prescription-strength antifungal medications — such as a lotion, cream or ointment that you apply to the affected skin. If your infection is particularly severe or extensive, your doctor might prescribe antifungal pills. Request an appointment. Feline ringworm is among the most frequently occurring skin disorders affecting the worldwide cat population. Clinical signs include circular areas of hair loss, broken and stubbly hair, scaling or crusty skin, alterations in hair or skin color, inflamed areas of skin, excessive grooming and scratching, infected claws or nail beds, and dandruff. Jul 25, 2023 · Skin. itchiness. itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or gray, or raised areas of skin called plaques. a round, flat patch of itchy skin. patches that develop blisters or pustules. patches that resemble a ring with deeper color on the outside. patches with edges that are defined and raised. ... Ringworm on the scalp is also known as tinea capitis. It is more common in children than adults and especially common in kids aged 3–7 . Tinea capitis is contagious , and it can cause scaly ...What are the healing stages of ringworm? - Quora. Something went wrong. Wait a moment and try again. Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ...Stages Of Ringworm - Introduction. Before we look at the stages of Ringworm I think it is important to understand what Ringworm is and isn't. It has nothing whatsover to do with any type of worm and is in fact a contagious fungus infection. It can appear on the body, usually around the groin area but also on the scalp and the nails. Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails. The medical term for this type of infection is called dermatophytosis. The most common fungal organisms that can cause ringworm are . The fungus feeds on dead hair or skin cells. While ringworm is most commonly found in cats, it can also be contracted by dogs and humans.Feb 1, 2022 · Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails. The medical term for this type of infection is called dermatophytosis. The most common fungal organisms that can cause ringworm are . The fungus feeds on dead hair or skin cells. While ringworm is most commonly found in cats, it can also be contracted by dogs and humans. Ringworm Stages. The infection doesn’t present itself right away. It can take up to two weeks before an individual starts to notice any symptoms. Typically, the fungal infection can be identified in two stages; the initial and second stages. In the initial stage, a person might notice a patch of irritated pink or red skin. Question about ringworm healing stages. My husband and I adopted Wompy off the streets a 9 days ago, on Sunday, and took him to the vet right away. Vet said other than some stomach worms and fleas he looked fine. So we gave him meds for that and he seemed fine until tuesday when i noticed a scaly patch of skin under his fur.Dec 29, 2020 · CDC Fungal Diseases Types of Fungal Diseases Ringworm Ringworm is a common skin infection that is caused by a fungus. It’s called “ringworm” because it can cause a circular rash (shaped like a ring) that is usually red and itchy. Anyone can get ringworm. Feline ringworm is among the most frequently occurring skin disorders affecting the worldwide cat population. Clinical signs include circular areas of hair loss, broken and stubbly hair, scaling or crusty skin, alterations in hair or skin color, inflamed areas of skin, excessive grooming and scratching, infected claws or nail beds, and dandruff.Ringworm is sometimes mistaken for forms of eczema and other skin conditions, like psoriasis. Unlike nummular eczema, the affected areas don’t vary in color, and the patches don’t burn and ...Foul odor Rash on one or both hands because touching the infected foot can spread the infection to your hands Ringworm infection between the toes Signs of a ringworm infection on the feet can be indicated by itching, burning, and stinging on your soles and between your toes. Ringworm infection on the sole of foot Shower after exercise. Sweating can spread ringworm droplet by droplet. Minimize the risk by showering immediately after a drippy workout. (That’s a good idea even without ringworm, by the way ...Advanced Stages. The majority of pictures of ringworm are taken in the advanced stage of the skin disease when the infection has fully presented itself. Ringworm on skin is typically a red raised rash. Small bumps or blisters may form on the border and it will itch like crazy. Scalp ringworm usually leads to reddening, scaling, and crusting of ... .

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